Loan Translations Direct translation of elements of word into borrowing language French term “Un gratteciel” to Scrape Sky in Egnlish, German “Ubermensch” to English superman, German Lehnwort to English loan word, English boy friend to Japanese boyifurendo and from there to Chinese nan pengyu which means male friend. Borrowing Taking words from other languages From other languages to English Alcohol (Arabic), Boss (Dutch), Piano (Italian), Robot (Czech), Yogurt (Turkish), Tycoon (Japanese) From English to other languages Suupaamaaketto (Japanese) Stress, Weekend (French) Coinage Invention of totally new terms Invented trade names as typical examples Aspirin, nylon, zipper etc Initially, obscure technical origin Teflon as a complex term Te(tra)-fl(uor)-on After coinage, these become everyday words in the language Ģ. Processes Coinage Compounding Clipping Conversion Affixation Borrowing Blending Backformation Acronym Reduplication ġ. … How new words are being formed in the language May vary from language to language Detailed description of each necessary to understand the languages Have specific meta-language for description

Word formation processes Appear to be straightforward but are deep Were once considered barbaric misuse of language “ Tasteless innovation ”, a term used to describe them Are signs of constant evolution of languages Are re-assuring signs of vitality and creativeness in the way language shapes our needs

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